Exit, Voice, Loyalty: possible alternatives for European Union countries

Abstract

The article deals with “Exit, Voice, Loyalty: possible alternatives for European Union countries”, placing the theme in the economic, social and territorial context discussed by the authors. The voice on the contrary belongs to the sphere of politics, implying, the expression of its critical opinions, in order to activate hidden or misused resources or capacities, i.e. endogenous factors. The hypothesis advanced in this work is that the model considered can provide useful indications to get out of the stall in which the EU is located; to this end, for each of the possible solutions the practicability, effectiveness and costs have been analyzed. The first advantage expected by output supporters is that the devaluation derived from the abandonment of the exchange agreement initially favours exports and in some cases also growth. In 2005, in fact, the delicate negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union will begin on future relations between the two blocks whose costs are not yet assessable. A study of the Munich IFO (Taino, 2019) has established that the country that will suffer the greatest negative consequences, in terms of decrease in real consumption of the population, will be Ireland.

Keywords

European Union; Europe; urban economy; innovation; Industrial policy; internationalization

JEL codes

R58; F15; F53